Carbonic and other acids attack silicate minerals in a reaction called hydrolysis. Because most rocks in the lithosphere consist of silicate minerals, hydrolysis is the most common from of chemical weathering. Hydrogen ions from acidic soil solutions replace cations in silicate minerals structures, and the silicate cations in turn are released into solution. Some of the remaining elements and altered minerals form secondary clay minerals. Clay minerals are crystalline sheet-structure silicates characterized by small particle size.
Clays are an extremely important component of a soil, and together with organic matter they contribute to properties such as a soil's ability to hold water and nutrients.