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科萨语

科萨语

科萨语

科萨语(Xhosa)是非洲南部科萨族所使用的语言,也是南非共和国的官方语言之一。属尼日-刚果语系、班图语族。在南非,科萨语是使用人口分布最广的一种语言,在使用人口的数量上,它仅次于祖鲁语,位居第二。

基本介绍

  • 中文名:科萨语
  • 外文名:Xhosa
  • 使用种族:非洲南部科萨族
  • 使用人口:约790万人
  • 类别:尼日-刚果语系
  • 地位:南非共和国的官方语言之一

语言介绍

使用人口大约790万人,约占南非人口的百分之18,主要集中在南非南部的两个省分,该语言现在是拉丁字母书写。
另外,科萨语是南非前总统纳尔逊·曼德拉的母语。

语言特点

像其它班图语言一样,科萨语是带有声调的语言,它具有两种声调。也就是说,同一组元音和辅音的组合,如果用升调或降调,高音或低音发声,表达的是不同的意思。科萨语一个最显着的特点,是它的吸气辅音(click consonants)。这种语言的名称Xhosa就是用一个吸气辅音开头的。在採用拉丁字母拼写科萨语的系统中,用三个字母来表达吸气辅音:c, x,和q。
在十六世纪之前,说科萨语的人就居住在南非的海岸线一带。说科萨语的部族称他们自己使用的语言为amaXhsa或isiXhosa。几乎所有带吸气辅音的语言都是克瓦桑族语(Khoisan languages)。科萨语中的吸气辅音表明,它是克瓦桑族语的近亲。大约有15%的辞彙来自克瓦桑族语。到了近代,科萨语又从南非语(即南非荷兰语)和英语中借用了很多辞彙。
科萨语发音表科萨语发音表

语言套用

目前,在初小教育和部分高小教育中,科萨语是主要的语言。但是,进入更高一级的教育后,教育用语便为英语所取代。儘管在学校中,还有科萨语的学术团体,并开设科萨语的课程。在南非大学,授课用语是英语和南非语,而学生可以当作一门课程来选修科萨语。学这门功课的学生,可能他们的母语就是科萨语,也可能不是。
第一部科萨语的《圣经》是1859年由英国人Henry Hare Dugmore与当地人合作翻译出版的。Henry Hare Dugmore能够讲流利的科萨语。目前,科萨语的报刊和杂誌随处可见,也有许多散文、诗歌等文学作品。南非广播公司每天播出科萨语的电视和广播节目。用科萨语唱歌的着名歌手Miriam Makeba,以特有的带吸气辅音的歌调,使其声名远扬到南非之外的世界各国。

语言样本

科萨语样本:
Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile belingana ngesidima nangokweemfanelo. Bonke abantu banesiphiwo sesazela nesizathu sokwenza isenzo ongathanda ukuba senziwe kumzalwane wakho.
对应英文:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

日常用语

EnglishisiXhosa (Xhosa)
Welcome
Siya namkela nonke
Hello
Molo
How are you?
Fine thanks, and you?
Unjani?
Ndiyaphila, enkosi. Kunjani kuwe?
Ndiphilile enkosi, unjani wena?
Long time no see
Kudala ndakugqibela
What's your name?
My name is ...
Ngubani igama lakho? Igama lakho?
Igama lam ngu ...
Where are you from?
I'm from ...
Uvela phi?
Ndivela e...
Pleased to meet you
Ndiyavuya ukukwazi
Good afternoon
Uben' emva kwemini entle / Ube nemini emnandi
Good evening
Ubusuku obuhle
Good night
Rhonanai / Ulale kakuhle
Goodbye
Hamba kakuhle (go well) Sala kakuhle (stay well)
Good luck
Amathamsanqa
Cheers/Good health!
Impilo!
Have a nice day
Ubenemini emnandi
Bon appetit
Ukonwabele ukutya kwakho
Bon voyage
Uhambe kakuhle
I don't understand
Andiva
Please speak more slowly
Khawucothise
Please say that again
Ndicela uphinde / Khawuphinde utsho / Yitsho kaphinda
Please write it down
Cela uyibhale phantsi
Do you speak Xhosa?
Yes
Uyakwazi ukuthetha isiXhosa?
Ewe
Do you speak English?
Uyakwazi ukuthetha isiNgesi?
How do you say ... in Xhosa?
Uthini …ngesiXhosa?
Excuse me
Uxolo! Ndixolele!
How much is this?
Yimalini?
Sorry
Ndicela uxolo
Thank you
Response
Ndiyabulela / Enkosi
Wamkelekile
Where's the toilet?
Liphi igumbi langasese?
This gentleman/lady
will pay for everything
uMfana uzakubhatala yonke into / uBhuti uzakubhatala yonke into
Inenekazi lizokubhatala yonke into / Ilady lokubhatala yonke into
Would you like to
dance with me?
Ungathanda ukudansa?
I love you
Ndiya kuthanda
Get well soon
Uphile ngokukhawuleza
Leave me alone!
Ndiyeke!
Help!
Nceda!
Call the police!
Biza amapolisa!
Merry Christmas
and Happy New Year
Siniqwenelela Ikrisimesi Emnandi Nonyaka Omtsha Ozele Iintsikelelo
Happy Birthday
Imini emnandi kuwe
One language
is never enough
Ulwimi olunye zange lonela

语法

数词
1
Kiet
Akpa
2
Iba
Udiana Akpa
3
Ita
ɔyɔhɔ Akpa Ita
4
Inaŋ
ɔyɔhɔ Akpa Inaŋ
5
Ition
6
Itiokiet
7
Itiaba
8
Itiaita
9
Usukkiet
10
Duop
11
Duopekiet
12
Duopeba
13
Duopeta
14
Duopenaŋ
15
Efut
16
Efutkiet
17
Efureba
18
Efureta
19
Efurenaŋ
20
Edip
21
Edip Ye Kiet
22
Edip Ye Iba
23
Edip Ye Ita
24
Edip Ye Inaŋ
25
Edip Ye Ition
26
Edip Ye Itiokiet
27
Edip Ye Itiaba
28
Edip Ye Itiaita
29
Edip Ye Inaŋ
30
Edip Ye Duop
31
Edip Ye Duopkiet
32
Edip Ye Duopeba
33
Edip Ye Duopeta
34
Edip Ye Duopenaŋ
35
Edip Ye Efut
36
Edip Ye Efutkiet
37
Edip Ye Efureba
38
Edip Ye Efureta
39
Edip Ye Efurenaŋ
40
Aba
50
Aba Ye Duop
60
Ata
70
Ata Ye Duop
80
Anaŋ
90
Anaŋ Ye Duop
100
Ikie
101
Ikie Ye Kiet
110
Ikie Ye Duop
112
Ikie Ye Duopeba
120
Ikie Ye Edip
150
Ikie Ye Aba Ye Duop
200
Ikie Iba
300
Ikie Ita
400
Ikie Inaŋ
500
Ikie Ition
600
Ikie Itiokiet
700
Ikie Itiaba
800
Ikie Itiaita
900
Ikie Usukiet
1000
Tɔsin

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