
科萨语
科萨语(Xhosa)是非洲南部科萨族所使用的语言,也是南非共和国的官方语言之一。属尼日-刚果语系、班图语族。在南非,科萨语是使用人口分布最广的一种语言,在使用人口的数量上,它仅次于祖鲁语,位居第二。
基本介绍
- 中文名:科萨语
- 外文名:Xhosa
- 使用种族:非洲南部科萨族
- 使用人口:约790万人
- 类别:尼日-刚果语系
- 地位:南非共和国的官方语言之一
语言介绍
使用人口大约790万人,约占南非人口的百分之18,主要集中在南非南部的两个省分,该语言现在是拉丁字母书写。
另外,科萨语是南非前总统纳尔逊·曼德拉的母语。
语言特点
像其它班图语言一样,科萨语是带有声调的语言,它具有两种声调。也就是说,同一组元音和辅音的组合,如果用升调或降调,高音或低音发声,表达的是不同的意思。科萨语一个最显着的特点,是它的吸气辅音(click consonants)。这种语言的名称Xhosa就是用一个吸气辅音开头的。在採用拉丁字母拼写科萨语的系统中,用三个字母来表达吸气辅音:c, x,和q。
在十六世纪之前,说科萨语的人就居住在南非的海岸线一带。说科萨语的部族称他们自己使用的语言为amaXhsa或isiXhosa。几乎所有带吸气辅音的语言都是克瓦桑族语(Khoisan languages)。科萨语中的吸气辅音表明,它是克瓦桑族语的近亲。大约有15%的辞彙来自克瓦桑族语。到了近代,科萨语又从南非语(即南非荷兰语)和英语中借用了很多辞彙。

语言套用
目前,在初小教育和部分高小教育中,科萨语是主要的语言。但是,进入更高一级的教育后,教育用语便为英语所取代。儘管在学校中,还有科萨语的学术团体,并开设科萨语的课程。在南非大学,授课用语是英语和南非语,而学生可以当作一门课程来选修科萨语。学这门功课的学生,可能他们的母语就是科萨语,也可能不是。
第一部科萨语的《圣经》是1859年由英国人Henry Hare Dugmore与当地人合作翻译出版的。Henry Hare Dugmore能够讲流利的科萨语。目前,科萨语的报刊和杂誌随处可见,也有许多散文、诗歌等文学作品。南非广播公司每天播出科萨语的电视和广播节目。用科萨语唱歌的着名歌手Miriam Makeba,以特有的带吸气辅音的歌调,使其声名远扬到南非之外的世界各国。
语言样本
科萨语样本:
Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile belingana ngesidima nangokweemfanelo. Bonke abantu banesiphiwo sesazela nesizathu sokwenza isenzo ongathanda ukuba senziwe kumzalwane wakho.
对应英文:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
日常用语
English | isiXhosa (Xhosa) |
---|---|
Welcome | Siya namkela nonke |
Hello | Molo |
How are you? Fine thanks, and you? | Unjani? |
Ndiyaphila, enkosi. Kunjani kuwe? Ndiphilile enkosi, unjani wena? | |
Long time no see | Kudala ndakugqibela |
What's your name? My name is ... | Ngubani igama lakho? Igama lakho? |
Igama lam ngu ... | |
Where are you from? I'm from ... | Uvela phi? |
Ndivela e... | |
Pleased to meet you | Ndiyavuya ukukwazi |
Good afternoon | Uben' emva kwemini entle / Ube nemini emnandi |
Good evening | Ubusuku obuhle |
Good night | Rhonanai / Ulale kakuhle |
Goodbye | Hamba kakuhle (go well) Sala kakuhle (stay well) |
Good luck | Amathamsanqa |
Cheers/Good health! | Impilo! |
Have a nice day | Ubenemini emnandi |
Bon appetit | Ukonwabele ukutya kwakho |
Bon voyage | Uhambe kakuhle |
I don't understand | Andiva |
Please speak more slowly | Khawucothise |
Please say that again | Ndicela uphinde / Khawuphinde utsho / Yitsho kaphinda |
Please write it down | Cela uyibhale phantsi |
Do you speak Xhosa? Yes | Uyakwazi ukuthetha isiXhosa? |
Ewe | |
Do you speak English? | Uyakwazi ukuthetha isiNgesi? |
How do you say ... in Xhosa? | Uthini …ngesiXhosa? |
Excuse me | Uxolo! Ndixolele! |
How much is this? | Yimalini? |
Sorry | Ndicela uxolo |
Thank you Response | Ndiyabulela / Enkosi |
Wamkelekile | |
Where's the toilet? | Liphi igumbi langasese? |
This gentleman/lady will pay for everything | uMfana uzakubhatala yonke into / uBhuti uzakubhatala yonke into Inenekazi lizokubhatala yonke into / Ilady lokubhatala yonke into |
Would you like to dance with me? | Ungathanda ukudansa? |
I love you | Ndiya kuthanda |
Get well soon | Uphile ngokukhawuleza |
Leave me alone! | Ndiyeke! |
Help! | Nceda! |
Call the police! | Biza amapolisa! |
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year | Siniqwenelela Ikrisimesi Emnandi Nonyaka Omtsha Ozele Iintsikelelo |
Happy Birthday | Imini emnandi kuwe |
One language is never enough | Ulwimi olunye zange lonela |
语法
数词
1 | Kiet | Akpa |
2 | Iba | Udiana Akpa |
3 | Ita | ɔyɔhɔ Akpa Ita |
4 | Inaŋ | ɔyɔhɔ Akpa Inaŋ |
5 | Ition | |
6 | Itiokiet | |
7 | Itiaba | |
8 | Itiaita | |
9 | Usukkiet | |
10 | Duop | |
11 | Duopekiet | |
12 | Duopeba | |
13 | Duopeta | |
14 | Duopenaŋ | |
15 | Efut | |
16 | Efutkiet | |
17 | Efureba | |
18 | Efureta | |
19 | Efurenaŋ | |
20 | Edip | |
21 | Edip Ye Kiet | |
22 | Edip Ye Iba | |
23 | Edip Ye Ita | |
24 | Edip Ye Inaŋ | |
25 | Edip Ye Ition | |
26 | Edip Ye Itiokiet | |
27 | Edip Ye Itiaba | |
28 | Edip Ye Itiaita | |
29 | Edip Ye Inaŋ | |
30 | Edip Ye Duop | |
31 | Edip Ye Duopkiet | |
32 | Edip Ye Duopeba | |
33 | Edip Ye Duopeta | |
34 | Edip Ye Duopenaŋ | |
35 | Edip Ye Efut | |
36 | Edip Ye Efutkiet | |
37 | Edip Ye Efureba | |
38 | Edip Ye Efureta | |
39 | Edip Ye Efurenaŋ | |
40 | Aba | |
50 | Aba Ye Duop | |
60 | Ata | |
70 | Ata Ye Duop | |
80 | Anaŋ | |
90 | Anaŋ Ye Duop | |
100 | Ikie | |
101 | Ikie Ye Kiet | |
110 | Ikie Ye Duop | |
112 | Ikie Ye Duopeba | |
120 | Ikie Ye Edip | |
150 | Ikie Ye Aba Ye Duop | |
200 | Ikie Iba | |
300 | Ikie Ita | |
400 | Ikie Inaŋ | |
500 | Ikie Ition | |
600 | Ikie Itiokiet | |
700 | Ikie Itiaba | |
800 | Ikie Itiaita | |
900 | Ikie Usukiet | |
1000 | Tɔsin |